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      "title": "Aricept vs Namenda",
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      "id": "aricept-vs-namenda",
      "summary": "How Aricept and Namenda compare on uses, side effects, and what to expect in Alzheimer's care."
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      "medical": true,
      "id": "donepezil-vs-rivastigmine",
      "summary": "How donepezil and rivastigmine compare on uses, side effects, and formulations for Alzheimer's and related dementias."
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      "title": "Effexor vs Pristiq",
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      "summary": "How venlafaxine and desvenlafaxine compare, two closely related SNRIs."
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      "kind": "comparison",
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        "public"
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      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
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      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
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      "kind": "comparison",
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        "public"
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      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
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      "id": "leqembi-vs-kisunla",
      "summary": "How Leqembi and Kisunla compare as anti-amyloid infusions for early Alzheimer's disease."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/compare/lexapro-vs-celexa",
      "title": "Lexapro vs Celexa",
      "kind": "comparison",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-05-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "lexapro-vs-celexa",
      "summary": "How escitalopram and citalopram compare, two closely related SSRIs."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/compare/lexapro-vs-prozac",
      "title": "Lexapro vs Prozac",
      "kind": "comparison",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-05-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "lexapro-vs-prozac",
      "summary": "How escitalopram and fluoxetine compare, two widely used SSRIs."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/compare/lexapro-vs-xanax",
      "title": "Lexapro vs Xanax",
      "kind": "comparison",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-05-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "lexapro-vs-xanax",
      "summary": "How escitalopram and alprazolam compare for anxiety, a daily SSRI and a fast-acting benzodiazepine."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/compare/lexapro-vs-zoloft",
      "title": "Lexapro vs Zoloft",
      "kind": "comparison",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-05-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "lexapro-vs-zoloft",
      "summary": "How escitalopram and sertraline compare on uses, side effects, and what to expect."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/compare/lithium-vs-lamictal",
      "title": "Lithium vs Lamictal",
      "kind": "comparison",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-05-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "lithium-vs-lamictal",
      "summary": "How lithium and lamotrigine compare, two mood stabilizers used in bipolar disorder."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/compare/modafinil-vs-adderall",
      "title": "Modafinil vs Adderall",
      "kind": "comparison",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "modafinil-vs-adderall",
      "summary": "How modafinil and Adderall compare on uses, side effects, and controlled-substance profile."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/compare/olanzapine-vs-quetiapine",
      "title": "Olanzapine vs Quetiapine",
      "kind": "comparison",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "olanzapine-vs-quetiapine",
      "summary": "How olanzapine and quetiapine compare on uses, side effects, and what to expect."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/compare/olanzapine-vs-risperidone",
      "title": "Olanzapine vs Risperidone",
      "kind": "comparison",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "olanzapine-vs-risperidone",
      "summary": "How olanzapine and risperidone compare on uses, side effects, and what to expect."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/compare/provigil-vs-nuvigil",
      "title": "Provigil vs Nuvigil",
      "kind": "comparison",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "provigil-vs-nuvigil",
      "summary": "How modafinil and armodafinil compare on duration, dosing, and what to expect."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/compare/prozac-vs-zoloft",
      "title": "Prozac vs Zoloft",
      "kind": "comparison",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-05-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "prozac-vs-zoloft",
      "summary": "How fluoxetine and sertraline compare, two widely used SSRIs."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/compare/risperidone-vs-aripiprazole",
      "title": "Risperidone vs Aripiprazole",
      "kind": "comparison",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "risperidone-vs-aripiprazole",
      "summary": "How risperidone and aripiprazole compare on uses, side effects, and what to expect."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/compare/risperidone-vs-paliperidone",
      "title": "Risperidone vs Paliperidone",
      "kind": "comparison",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "risperidone-vs-paliperidone",
      "summary": "How risperidone and paliperidone compare on uses, side effects, and what to expect."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/compare/spravato-vs-ketamine-iv",
      "title": "Spravato vs Ketamine (IV)",
      "kind": "comparison",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "spravato-vs-ketamine-iv",
      "summary": "How intranasal esketamine and IV racemic ketamine compare for treatment-resistant depression."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/compare/strattera-vs-adderall",
      "title": "Strattera vs Adderall",
      "kind": "comparison",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-05-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "strattera-vs-adderall",
      "summary": "How atomoxetine and amphetamine compare for ADHD, a non-stimulant and a stimulant."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/compare/suboxone-vs-sublocade",
      "title": "Suboxone vs Sublocade",
      "kind": "comparison",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "suboxone-vs-sublocade",
      "summary": "How the daily film and monthly injection forms of buprenorphine compare on adherence, cost, and flexibility."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/compare/tegretol-vs-depakote",
      "title": "Tegretol vs Depakote",
      "kind": "comparison",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "tegretol-vs-depakote",
      "summary": "How carbamazepine and valproate compare as mood stabilizers, on uses, side effects, and monitoring."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/compare/trazodone-vs-mirtazapine",
      "title": "Trazodone vs Mirtazapine",
      "kind": "comparison",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-05-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "trazodone-vs-mirtazapine",
      "summary": "How trazodone and mirtazapine compare, two sedating antidepressants used for sleep, with their effect on weight as the key difference."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/compare/trintellix-vs-lexapro",
      "title": "Trintellix vs Lexapro",
      "kind": "comparison",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-05-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "trintellix-vs-lexapro",
      "summary": "How vortioxetine and escitalopram compare, a newer antidepressant and a standard SSRI."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/compare/valium-vs-xanax",
      "title": "Valium vs Xanax",
      "kind": "comparison",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-05-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "valium-vs-xanax",
      "summary": "How diazepam and alprazolam compare, two benzodiazepines that differ mainly in how long they last."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/compare/valproate-vs-lithium",
      "title": "Valproate vs Lithium",
      "kind": "comparison",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "valproate-vs-lithium",
      "summary": "How valproate and lithium compare as mood stabilizers in bipolar disorder."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/compare/vivitrol-vs-naltrexone-oral",
      "title": "Vivitrol vs Naltrexone (Oral)",
      "kind": "comparison",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "vivitrol-vs-naltrexone-oral",
      "summary": "How the monthly injection and daily pill forms of naltrexone compare for alcohol and opioid use disorder."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/compare/vyvanse-vs-ritalin",
      "title": "Vyvanse vs Ritalin",
      "kind": "comparison",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-05-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "vyvanse-vs-ritalin",
      "summary": "How lisdexamfetamine and methylphenidate compare, stimulants from the two main families."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/compare/wellbutrin-vs-adderall",
      "title": "Wellbutrin vs Adderall",
      "kind": "comparison",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-05-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "wellbutrin-vs-adderall",
      "summary": "How bupropion and amphetamine compare, an antidepressant and a stimulant that both affect focus and energy."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/compare/wellbutrin-vs-effexor",
      "title": "Wellbutrin vs Effexor",
      "kind": "comparison",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "wellbutrin-vs-effexor",
      "summary": "How bupropion and venlafaxine compare, two antidepressants that work in very different ways and split on anxiety and sexual side effects."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/compare/wellbutrin-vs-lexapro",
      "title": "Wellbutrin vs Lexapro",
      "kind": "comparison",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-05-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "wellbutrin-vs-lexapro",
      "summary": "How bupropion and escitalopram compare, two common antidepressants that work in very different ways."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/compare/wellbutrin-vs-zoloft",
      "title": "Wellbutrin vs Zoloft",
      "kind": "comparison",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-05-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "wellbutrin-vs-zoloft",
      "summary": "How bupropion and sertraline compare, two common antidepressants that work differently."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/compare/xanax-vs-ativan",
      "title": "Xanax vs Ativan",
      "kind": "comparison",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-05-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "xanax-vs-ativan",
      "summary": "How alprazolam and lorazepam compare, two fast-acting benzodiazepines for anxiety."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/contribute",
      "title": "Contribute to PsychiatryRx",
      "kind": "meta",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-16",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-25"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/cookies",
      "title": "Cookies",
      "kind": "policy",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-15",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-25"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/copyright",
      "title": "Copyright",
      "kind": "policy",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-25"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/corrections-policy",
      "title": "Corrections",
      "kind": "policy",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-25"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/disclosure",
      "title": "Disclosure",
      "kind": "policy",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-25"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/editorial-process",
      "title": "Editorial process",
      "kind": "policy",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-25"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/editorial-strategy",
      "title": "Editorial strategy",
      "kind": "policy",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-16",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-25"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/evidence-methodology",
      "title": "Evidence methodology",
      "kind": "policy",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-25"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/glossary",
      "title": "Medication reading aid",
      "kind": "glossary",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-25"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides",
      "title": "Guides",
      "kind": "meta",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-25"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/antidepressants-and-sexual-side-effects",
      "title": "Antidepressants and sexual side effects",
      "kind": "guide",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-05-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "antidepressants-and-sexual-side-effects",
      "summary": "How common sexual side effects are, why they happen, and what can be done about them."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/antidepressants-and-weight",
      "title": "Antidepressants and weight",
      "kind": "guide",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-05-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "antidepressants-and-weight",
      "summary": "What antidepressants tend to do to weight, which ones differ, and how to think about it."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/antidepressants-for-elderly",
      "title": "Antidepressants for elderly patients, ranked",
      "kind": "guide",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "antidepressants-for-elderly",
      "summary": "Which antidepressants are best for older adults, and which to avoid. Sertraline, escitalopram, and mirtazapine are usually first-line. Paroxetine and TCAs are usually avoided (Beers Criteria). Special considerations for hyponatremia, falls, drug interactions, and dementia."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/antidepressants-lowest-sexual-side-effects",
      "title": "Antidepressants with the lowest sexual side effects",
      "kind": "guide",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "antidepressants-lowest-sexual-side-effects",
      "summary": "Bupropion, mirtazapine, vortioxetine, vilazodone, and trazodone have the lowest rates of sexual dysfunction among antidepressants. Which drug to choose when preserving sexual function is a priority, and how the mechanisms differ."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/antidepressants-lowest-weight-gain",
      "title": "Antidepressants with the lowest weight gain",
      "kind": "guide",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "antidepressants-lowest-weight-gain",
      "summary": "Which antidepressants cause the least weight gain, and which cause the most. Bupropion is weight-neutral or causes weight loss. Mirtazapine causes the most among common antidepressants. Ranking and clinical decision framework."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/antidepressants-safest-in-pregnancy",
      "title": "Antidepressants safest in pregnancy, ranked by evidence",
      "kind": "guide",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "antidepressants-safest-in-pregnancy",
      "summary": "Which antidepressants have the best pregnancy safety data, which have concerning signals, and how to weigh treatment against untreated maternal depression. Sertraline is first-line for most patients; paroxetine has FDA warnings; MAOIs and specific SNRIs need caution."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/antipsychotic-equivalents",
      "title": "Antipsychotic chlorpromazine equivalents",
      "kind": "reference",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "antipsychotic-equivalents",
      "summary": "CPZ-equivalent doses for typical and atypical antipsychotics, WHO defined daily doses, and how to use them for cross-tapers and dose reviews."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/antipsychotics-for-elderly",
      "title": "Antipsychotics for elderly patients",
      "kind": "guide",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "antipsychotics-for-elderly",
      "summary": "Antipsychotics in older adults carry stroke and mortality warnings and require careful selection. Quetiapine and risperidone are most commonly used at low doses. Cobenfy and aripiprazole are lower-risk options. Boxed warning framing and non-drug alternatives first."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/antipsychotics-lowest-eps-risk",
      "title": "Antipsychotics with the lowest EPS risk",
      "kind": "guide",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "antipsychotics-lowest-eps-risk",
      "summary": "Which antipsychotics cause the least extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS): akathisia, parkinsonism, dystonia, tardive dyskinesia. Clozapine, quetiapine, and the newest drugs (Cobenfy, lumateperone) rank lowest."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/appointment-sheet",
      "title": "Questions for my appointment",
      "kind": "guide",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-05-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "appointment-sheet",
      "summary": "A printable sheet to organize what you want to cover with your prescriber."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/beers-criteria-psychiatric-meds",
      "title": "Beers Criteria: psychiatric medications in older adults",
      "kind": "reference",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "beers-criteria-psychiatric-meds",
      "summary": "The 2023 Beers Criteria list of psychiatric medications to avoid or use with caution in adults 65 and older, why, and safer alternatives."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/benzodiazepine-equivalents",
      "title": "Benzodiazepine equivalents",
      "kind": "reference",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "benzodiazepine-equivalents",
      "summary": "Diazepam-equivalent doses, half-lives, and onset for common benzodiazepines. The table for cross-tapers, inpatient conversions, and alcohol withdrawal protocols."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/benzodiazepines-by-half-life",
      "title": "Benzodiazepines ranked by half-life",
      "kind": "guide",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "benzodiazepines-by-half-life",
      "summary": "Every benzodiazepine used in psychiatry ranked by half-life, from ultra-short-acting midazolam to long-acting diazepam and clonazepam. Half-life determines onset, duration, withdrawal difficulty, and clinical use case."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/coming-off-an-antidepressant",
      "title": "Coming off an antidepressant safely",
      "kind": "guide",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-05-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "coming-off-an-antidepressant",
      "summary": "What discontinuation feels like, and how a careful taper makes stopping manageable."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/comorbidity-medication-selection",
      "title": "Comorbidity-based medication selection in psychiatry",
      "kind": "reference",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "comorbidity-medication-selection",
      "summary": "How specific comorbidities tip the choice: depression plus insomnia, depression plus sexual dysfunction concern, depression plus weight, depression plus anxiety, MDD plus ADHD, bipolar plus anxiety, psychosis plus PTSD."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/cyp450-interactions",
      "title": "CYP450 interactions in psychiatric prescribing",
      "kind": "reference",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "cyp450-interactions",
      "summary": "Substrate, inhibitor, and inducer status for every common psychiatric medication, organized by CYP enzyme, with the interactions that actually change clinical decisions."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/discontinuation-syndromes",
      "title": "Discontinuation syndromes in psychiatric medications",
      "kind": "reference",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "discontinuation-syndromes",
      "summary": "Recognition and management of SSRI/SNRI discontinuation, benzodiazepine withdrawal, stimulant hold, antipsychotic withdrawal dyskinesia, and lithium rebound."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/generic-vs-brand-name",
      "title": "Generic vs brand-name psychiatric medication",
      "kind": "guide",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-05-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "generic-vs-brand-name",
      "summary": "Whether generic psychiatric medications are as good as the brand, and what to know."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/getting-medication-management",
      "title": "How to get psychiatric medication management",
      "kind": "guide",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-05-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "getting-medication-management",
      "summary": "Who can prescribe psychiatric medication, the in-person and telepsychiatry options, and how to choose."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/half-life-reference",
      "title": "Psychiatric medication half-life quick reference",
      "kind": "reference",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "half-life-reference",
      "summary": "Half-lives across SSRIs, SNRIs, antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, mood stabilizers, and stimulants, with what that means for taper speed, discontinuation risk, and switching."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/hepatic-dosing-psychiatric-meds",
      "title": "Hepatic dosing for psychiatric medications",
      "kind": "reference",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "hepatic-dosing-psychiatric-meds",
      "summary": "Which psychiatric meds are LFT-friendly, which need dose reduction by Child-Pugh class, and which to avoid outright in liver disease."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/long-acting-injectable-antipsychotics-compared",
      "title": "Long-acting injectable antipsychotics (LAIs) compared",
      "kind": "guide",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "long-acting-injectable-antipsychotics-compared",
      "summary": "Every FDA-approved long-acting injectable antipsychotic compared: dose interval, initiation loading, oral coverage, price, and where each fits. Aripiprazole, paliperidone, risperidone, olanzapine, haloperidol, fluphenazine LAIs plus 3-month and 6-month options."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/medication-in-pregnancy",
      "title": "Psychiatric medication in pregnancy and breastfeeding",
      "kind": "guide",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-05-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "medication-in-pregnancy",
      "summary": "How decisions about psychiatric medication in pregnancy and breastfeeding are approached."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/medication-or-therapy",
      "title": "Medication, therapy, or both",
      "kind": "guide",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-05-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "medication-or-therapy",
      "summary": "What the evidence says about medication, therapy, and combining them."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/medications-for-adhd",
      "title": "Medications for ADHD",
      "kind": "guide",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "medications-for-adhd",
      "summary": "What stimulants and non-stimulants are used for ADHD, when to pick which, and what the cardiac and growth monitoring picture looks like."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/medications-for-alzheimers",
      "title": "Medications for Alzheimer's",
      "kind": "guide",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "medications-for-alzheimers",
      "summary": "What medications are used across mild, moderate, and severe Alzheimer's, where the anti-amyloid antibodies fit, and how to handle agitation."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/medications-for-anxiety",
      "title": "Medications for anxiety",
      "kind": "guide",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "medications-for-anxiety",
      "summary": "What medications are used for generalized anxiety, panic, and social anxiety, and where benzodiazepines fit and where they don't."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/medications-for-bipolar-disorder",
      "title": "Medications for bipolar disorder",
      "kind": "guide",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "medications-for-bipolar-disorder",
      "summary": "What medications are used across mania, bipolar depression, and maintenance, and where the pitfalls sit."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/medications-for-depression",
      "title": "Medications for depression",
      "kind": "guide",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "medications-for-depression",
      "summary": "What medications are used for depression, how prescribers pick among them, and what to do when the first one doesn't work."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/medications-for-insomnia",
      "title": "Medications for insomnia",
      "kind": "guide",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "medications-for-insomnia",
      "summary": "What sleep medications are used, where the newer orexin antagonists fit, and why CBT-I is still first-line."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/medications-for-ocd",
      "title": "Medications for OCD",
      "kind": "guide",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "medications-for-ocd",
      "summary": "What medications are used for OCD, why the doses run higher than in depression, and where clomipramine and augmentation fit."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/medications-for-opioid-use-disorder",
      "title": "Medications for opioid use disorder",
      "kind": "guide",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "medications-for-opioid-use-disorder",
      "summary": "What medications are used for opioid use disorder, how buprenorphine, methadone, and naltrexone compare, and where overdose reversal fits."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/medications-for-ptsd",
      "title": "Medications for PTSD",
      "kind": "guide",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "medications-for-ptsd",
      "summary": "What medications are used for PTSD, where prazosin fits for nightmares, and why benzodiazepines are usually avoided."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/medications-for-schizophrenia",
      "title": "Medications for schizophrenia",
      "kind": "guide",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "medications-for-schizophrenia",
      "summary": "What antipsychotics are used for schizophrenia, where clozapine and LAIs fit, and how metabolic monitoring changes the picture."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/mood-stabilizers-ranked",
      "title": "Mood stabilizers ranked for bipolar disorder",
      "kind": "guide",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "mood-stabilizers-ranked",
      "summary": "Lithium, valproate, lamotrigine, and second-generation antipsychotics as mood stabilizers. Which to use for acute mania vs depression vs maintenance, side effect trade-offs, and evidence base for each."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/most-sedating-antipsychotics",
      "title": "Most sedating antipsychotics, ranked",
      "kind": "guide",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "most-sedating-antipsychotics",
      "summary": "Which antipsychotics cause the most sedation, ranked from most to least sedating, with mechanism (H1, alpha-1, muscarinic), typical dose relationship, and when sedation is desired vs unwanted."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/non-stimulant-adhd-meds-ranked",
      "title": "Non-stimulant ADHD medications ranked",
      "kind": "guide",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "non-stimulant-adhd-meds-ranked",
      "summary": "The four main non-stimulant ADHD medications compared: atomoxetine, viloxazine (Qelbree), guanfacine ER, clonidine ER (including Onyda XR). Efficacy, side effect profiles, and when to choose each."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/otc-and-natural-sleep-aids",
      "title": "Over-the-counter and natural sleep aids: what the evidence shows",
      "kind": "guide",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-05-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "otc-and-natural-sleep-aids",
      "summary": "An honest look at antihistamines, melatonin, valerian, chamomile, and magnesium for sleep."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/pregnancy-safety-psychiatric-meds",
      "title": "Psychiatric medication in pregnancy and lactation",
      "kind": "reference",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "pregnancy-safety-psychiatric-meds",
      "summary": "A working framework for pregnancy and breastfeeding decisions across antidepressants, mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, and stimulants, with LactMed pointers."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/psychiatric-medication-and-alcohol",
      "title": "Psychiatric medication and alcohol",
      "kind": "guide",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-05-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "psychiatric-medication-and-alcohol",
      "summary": "How alcohol interacts with antidepressants and other psychiatric medications, and why caution makes sense."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/renal-dosing-psychiatric-meds",
      "title": "Renal dosing for psychiatric medications",
      "kind": "reference",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "renal-dosing-psychiatric-meds",
      "summary": "Which psychiatric meds to avoid, dose-adjust, or feel safe with by eGFR band. Lithium first, then everything else."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/sleep-medications-ranked",
      "title": "Sleep medications ranked",
      "kind": "guide",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "sleep-medications-ranked",
      "summary": "Every prescription sleep medication compared: Z-drugs, benzodiazepines, DORAs (Belsomra, Dayvigo, Quviviq), doxepin, ramelteon, mirtazapine, trazodone. Which to choose for sleep initiation vs maintenance, safety in older adults, and dependence risk."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/starting-a-medication",
      "title": "Starting a psychiatric medication: what the first month is like",
      "kind": "guide",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-05-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "starting-a-medication",
      "summary": "A realistic week-by-week picture of beginning an antidepressant, and what is normal."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/switching-antidepressants",
      "title": "Switching antidepressants",
      "kind": "reference",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-05-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "switching-antidepressants",
      "summary": "Why people switch antidepressants, how a switch is done, and what to expect."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/switching-antidepressants-crosstaper",
      "title": "Switching antidepressants: cross-taper and washout matrix",
      "kind": "reference",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "switching-antidepressants-crosstaper",
      "summary": "Direct-switch, cross-taper, and MAOI washout rules for switching antidepressants, with the meds (fluoxetine, paroxetine, venlafaxine) that need special handling."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/switching-antipsychotics",
      "title": "Switching antipsychotics",
      "kind": "reference",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "switching-antipsychotics",
      "summary": "Cross-taper, plateau, and abrupt-switch strategies for antipsychotic changes, with attention to withdrawal dyskinesia, rebound psychosis, and metabolic switch considerations."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/guides/why-isnt-my-medication-working",
      "title": "Why isn't my medication working?",
      "kind": "guide",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-05-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "why-isnt-my-medication-working",
      "summary": "Common reasons an antidepressant doesn't seem to be helping, and what usually comes next."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/interactions",
      "title": "Interactions",
      "kind": "meta",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-25"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/interactions/alcohol-psych-meds",
      "title": "Alcohol plus psychiatric medications",
      "kind": "interaction",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "alcohol-psych-meds",
      "summary": "Alcohol interacts with most psychiatric medications: additive sedation with benzodiazepines and sleep aids, hepatotoxicity with acetaminophen and some drugs, dangerous with disulfiram and metronidazole, worsening depression regardless. What is actually safe."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/interactions/clozapine-smoking",
      "title": "Clozapine plus smoking (and quitting smoking)",
      "kind": "interaction",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "clozapine-smoking",
      "summary": "Smoking induces CYP1A2 and speeds clozapine metabolism, meaning smokers need higher doses. When a clozapine patient quits smoking, levels can rise 50 to 100 percent over weeks, sometimes causing toxicity. What to do."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/interactions/grapefruit-psych-meds",
      "title": "Grapefruit plus psychiatric medications",
      "kind": "interaction",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "grapefruit-psych-meds",
      "summary": "Grapefruit inhibits intestinal CYP3A4 for 24 to 72 hours per exposure. Which psychiatric medications are affected (buspirone, quetiapine, lurasidone, ziprasidone, carbamazepine, some benzodiazepines) and by how much."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/interactions/lithium-nsaids",
      "title": "Lithium plus NSAIDs: toxicity from reduced renal clearance",
      "kind": "interaction",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "lithium-nsaids",
      "summary": "NSAIDs reduce lithium clearance by inhibiting renal prostaglandin synthesis, raising lithium levels 20 to 60 percent. Regular NSAID use in lithium patients can precipitate toxicity. What to do."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/interactions/maoi-tyramine",
      "title": "MAOI plus tyramine: the hypertensive crisis (cheese effect)",
      "kind": "interaction",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "maoi-tyramine",
      "summary": "MAOIs plus tyramine-rich foods (aged cheese, cured meats, tap beer, fermented foods) can trigger acute hypertensive crisis. The full foods list, drug interactions, patch vs pill difference, and what to do."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/interactions/ssri-nsaids-bleeding",
      "title": "SSRIs plus NSAIDs: bleeding risk (GI, brain, surgical)",
      "kind": "interaction",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "ssri-nsaids-bleeding",
      "summary": "SSRIs and SNRIs impair platelet function, and combining them with NSAIDs meaningfully increases GI bleeding, intracranial hemorrhage, and perioperative bleeding risk. Which patients are highest-risk and what to do."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/interactions/ssri-tramadol",
      "title": "SSRI plus tramadol: serotonin syndrome and seizure risk",
      "kind": "interaction",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "ssri-tramadol",
      "summary": "Combining SSRIs or SNRIs with tramadol carries real risk of serotonin syndrome and seizures. Which combinations, what the actual incidence is, when it's still acceptable, and what to use instead."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medical-disclaimer",
      "title": "Medical disclaimer",
      "kind": "policy",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-25"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medical-editor",
      "title": "Medical editor",
      "kind": "meta",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-25"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications",
      "title": "Medications",
      "kind": "meta",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-25"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/acamprosate",
      "title": "Acamprosate (Campral)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "acamprosate",
      "summary": "A non-controlled medication used to support abstinence in alcohol use disorder."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/alprazolam",
      "title": "Alprazolam (Xanax)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "alprazolam",
        "benzodiazepine"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "alprazolam",
      "class": "benzodiazepine",
      "summary": "A fast-acting benzodiazepine used for anxiety and panic, intended mainly for short-term or occasional use."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/amantadine",
      "title": "Amantadine (Symmetrel, Gocovri)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "amantadine",
      "summary": "A dopamine-releasing NMDA antagonist used for drug-induced movement problems and Parkinson dyskinesia."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/amitriptyline",
      "title": "Amitriptyline (Elavil)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "amitriptyline",
        "antidepressant"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "amitriptyline",
      "class": "antidepressant",
      "summary": "An older tricyclic antidepressant used off-label at low doses for sleep, with notable anticholinergic side effects."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/amoxapine",
      "title": "Amoxapine (Asendin)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antidepressant"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "amoxapine",
      "class": "antidepressant",
      "summary": "A tetracyclic antidepressant with dopamine D2 antagonism, which puts it in a category by itself: it can cause the movement side effects of antipsychotics on top of tricyclic effects."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/amphetamine",
      "title": "Amphetamine (Adderall)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "amphetamine",
        "stimulant"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "amphetamine",
      "class": "stimulant",
      "summary": "A stimulant medication for ADHD, the amphetamine-based type."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/aripiprazole",
      "title": "Aripiprazole (Abilify)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "aripiprazole",
        "antipsychotic"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "aripiprazole",
      "class": "antipsychotic",
      "summary": "An atypical antipsychotic used for bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and as an add-on for depression."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/armodafinil",
      "title": "Armodafinil (Nuvigil)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "stimulant"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "armodafinil",
      "class": "stimulant",
      "summary": "The R-isomer of modafinil, with a longer half-life and once-daily dosing for narcolepsy and other causes of daytime sleepiness."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/asenapine",
      "title": "Asenapine (Saphris, Secuado)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antipsychotic"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "asenapine",
      "class": "antipsychotic",
      "summary": "An atypical antipsychotic available as a sublingual tablet (Saphris) and a transdermal patch (Secuado), used for schizophrenia and bipolar I."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/atomoxetine",
      "title": "Atomoxetine (Strattera)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "atomoxetine"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "atomoxetine",
      "summary": "A non-stimulant medication for ADHD, taken daily."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/brexanolone",
      "title": "Brexanolone (Zulresso)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "brexanolone",
      "summary": "A 60-hour intravenous neurosteroid infusion for postpartum depression, delivered under a REMS program with continuous monitoring."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/brexpiprazole",
      "title": "Brexpiprazole (Rexulti)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antipsychotic"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "brexpiprazole",
      "class": "antipsychotic",
      "summary": "A dopamine partial agonist used for schizophrenia, as an add-on for depression, and for agitation in Alzheimer dementia."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/buprenorphine",
      "title": "Buprenorphine (Suboxone, Sublocade, Zubsolv)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "buprenorphine",
      "summary": "A partial opioid agonist used for opioid use disorder and, in some formulations, for chronic pain."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/bupropion",
      "title": "Bupropion (Wellbutrin)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "bupropion",
        "antidepressant"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "bupropion",
      "class": "antidepressant",
      "summary": "An atypical antidepressant, an NDRI, used for depression, seasonal depression, and smoking cessation."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/buspirone",
      "title": "Buspirone (BuSpar)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "buspirone"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "buspirone",
      "summary": "A non-sedating anti-anxiety medication for generalized anxiety, taken daily."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/carbamazepine",
      "title": "Carbamazepine (Tegretol, Equetro)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "mood-stabilizer"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "carbamazepine",
      "class": "mood-stabilizer",
      "summary": "A mood stabilizer used for acute mania and maintenance in bipolar disorder."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/cariprazine",
      "title": "Cariprazine (Vraylar)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antipsychotic"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "cariprazine",
      "class": "antipsychotic",
      "summary": "A dopamine D3-preferring partial agonist used for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and as an add-on for depression."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/chlordiazepoxide",
      "title": "Chlordiazepoxide (Librium)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "benzodiazepine"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "chlordiazepoxide",
      "class": "benzodiazepine",
      "summary": "A long-acting benzodiazepine, standard for alcohol withdrawal and sometimes used for anxiety."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/chlorpromazine",
      "title": "Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antipsychotic"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "chlorpromazine",
      "class": "antipsychotic",
      "summary": "A low-potency first-generation antipsychotic used for schizophrenia and other psychotic conditions, with sedation and anticholinergic effects that shape how it feels."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/citalopram",
      "title": "Citalopram (Celexa)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "citalopram",
        "ssri"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "citalopram",
      "class": "ssri",
      "summary": "An SSRI antidepressant used mainly for depression."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/clobazam",
      "title": "Clobazam (Onfi)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "benzodiazepine"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "clobazam",
      "class": "benzodiazepine",
      "summary": "A less sedating benzodiazepine approved for seizures in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, structurally different from most others in the class."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/clomipramine",
      "title": "Clomipramine (Anafranil)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antidepressant"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "clomipramine",
      "class": "antidepressant",
      "summary": "The most serotonergic tricyclic antidepressant and the only tricyclic FDA-approved for obsessive-compulsive disorder."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/clonazepam",
      "title": "Clonazepam (Klonopin)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "clonazepam",
        "benzodiazepine"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "clonazepam",
      "class": "benzodiazepine",
      "summary": "A long-acting benzodiazepine used for panic disorder and certain seizure conditions."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/clonidine-adhd",
      "title": "Clonidine ER (Kapvay)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "clonidine-adhd",
      "summary": "An alpha-2 agonist used for ADHD, most often in children, either as a monotherapy or as an add-on to a stimulant."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/clorazepate",
      "title": "Clorazepate (Tranxene)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "benzodiazepine"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "clorazepate",
      "class": "benzodiazepine",
      "summary": "A long-acting benzodiazepine prodrug that is converted in the stomach to a long-lived active form."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/clozapine",
      "title": "Clozapine (Clozaril)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antipsychotic"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "clozapine",
      "class": "antipsychotic",
      "summary": "The most effective antipsychotic for treatment-resistant schizophrenia, with a unique monitoring requirement."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/daridorexant",
      "title": "Daridorexant (Quviviq)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "z-drug"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "daridorexant",
      "class": "z-drug",
      "summary": "A shorter-half-life dual orexin antagonist designed to reduce next-day sedation while helping both sleep onset and maintenance."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/desipramine",
      "title": "Desipramine (Norpramin)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antidepressant"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "desipramine",
      "class": "antidepressant",
      "summary": "The most norepinephrine-selective tricyclic antidepressant, sometimes chosen for its activating profile and lighter anticholinergic load."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/desvenlafaxine",
      "title": "Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "desvenlafaxine",
        "snri"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "desvenlafaxine",
      "class": "snri",
      "summary": "An SNRI antidepressant, closely related to venlafaxine."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/deutetrabenazine",
      "title": "Deutetrabenazine (Austedo)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "deutetrabenazine",
      "summary": "A VMAT2 inhibitor used for tardive dyskinesia and chorea in Huntington disease."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/dexmethylphenidate",
      "title": "Dexmethylphenidate (Focalin)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "stimulant"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "dexmethylphenidate",
      "class": "stimulant",
      "summary": "The active d-isomer of methylphenidate, essentially half of Ritalin's molecule in isolated form."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/dextroamphetamine",
      "title": "Dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "stimulant"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "dextroamphetamine",
      "class": "stimulant",
      "summary": "The pure d-isomer of amphetamine, the same active molecule as one of the two components in Adderall."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/dextromethorphan-bupropion",
      "title": "Dextromethorphan-Bupropion (Auvelity)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antidepressant"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "dextromethorphan-bupropion",
      "class": "antidepressant",
      "summary": "A fixed-dose oral combination of dextromethorphan (NMDA antagonist) and bupropion (which boosts dextromethorphan levels), FDA-approved in 2022 for depression."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/diazepam",
      "title": "Diazepam (Valium)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "diazepam",
        "benzodiazepine"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "diazepam",
      "class": "benzodiazepine",
      "summary": "A long-acting benzodiazepine used for anxiety and several other conditions."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/disulfiram",
      "title": "Disulfiram (Antabuse)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "disulfiram",
      "summary": "A deterrent medication for alcohol use disorder that causes a strong reaction if alcohol is consumed."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/donanemab",
      "title": "Donanemab (Kisunla)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "donanemab",
      "summary": "An IV monoclonal antibody that clears amyloid plaques in early Alzheimer's disease."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/donepezil",
      "title": "Donepezil (Aricept)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "donepezil",
      "summary": "A cholinesterase inhibitor used to slow cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/doxepin",
      "title": "Doxepin (Silenor)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "doxepin",
        "antidepressant"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "doxepin",
      "class": "antidepressant",
      "summary": "A tricyclic antidepressant used at very low doses as a non-habit-forming sleep medication for staying asleep."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/droperidol",
      "title": "Droperidol (Inapsine)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antipsychotic"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "droperidol",
      "class": "antipsychotic",
      "summary": "A butyrophenone first-generation antipsychotic used in acute care and emergency settings for agitation and nausea, not for chronic outpatient use."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/duloxetine",
      "title": "Duloxetine (Cymbalta)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "duloxetine",
        "snri"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "duloxetine",
      "class": "snri",
      "summary": "An SNRI antidepressant that is also used for several chronic pain conditions."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/escitalopram",
      "title": "Escitalopram (Lexapro)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "escitalopram",
        "ssri"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "escitalopram",
      "class": "ssri",
      "summary": "An SSRI antidepressant used for depression and generalized anxiety disorder."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/esketamine",
      "title": "Esketamine (Spravato)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "esketamine",
      "summary": "An intranasal NMDA antagonist for treatment-resistant depression and depression with acute suicidality, delivered under a REMS program with in-clinic monitoring."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/eszopiclone",
      "title": "Eszopiclone (Lunesta)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "eszopiclone",
        "z-drug"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "eszopiclone",
      "class": "z-drug",
      "summary": "A z-drug that helps with both falling asleep and staying asleep, known for a distinctive bitter aftertaste."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/fluoxetine",
      "title": "Fluoxetine (Prozac)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "fluoxetine",
        "ssri"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "fluoxetine",
      "class": "ssri",
      "summary": "An SSRI antidepressant used for depression, OCD, panic, and bulimia, known for its long half-life."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/fluphenazine",
      "title": "Fluphenazine (Prolixin)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antipsychotic"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "fluphenazine",
      "class": "antipsychotic",
      "summary": "A high-potency first-generation antipsychotic for schizophrenia, available as both oral tablets and a long-acting decanoate injection."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/flurazepam",
      "title": "Flurazepam (Dalmane)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "benzodiazepine"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "flurazepam",
      "class": "benzodiazepine",
      "summary": "A long-acting benzodiazepine sleep medication with a long history, largely displaced by shorter-acting options and generally avoided in older adults."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/fluvoxamine",
      "title": "Fluvoxamine (Luvox)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "ssri"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "fluvoxamine",
      "class": "ssri",
      "summary": "An SSRI antidepressant approved for OCD, with strong drug interactions to watch."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/gabapentin",
      "title": "Gabapentin (Neurontin)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "gabapentin",
      "summary": "An anticonvulsant used off-label for anxiety, sleep, and alcohol use disorder."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/galantamine",
      "title": "Galantamine (Razadyne)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "galantamine",
      "summary": "A cholinesterase inhibitor with a second mechanism at nicotinic receptors, used for mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/guanfacine",
      "title": "Guanfacine (Intuniv)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "guanfacine"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "guanfacine",
      "summary": "A non-stimulant ADHD medication, often used on its own or added to a stimulant."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/haloperidol",
      "title": "Haloperidol (Haldol)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antipsychotic"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "haloperidol",
      "class": "antipsychotic",
      "summary": "A high-potency first-generation antipsychotic used for schizophrenia, Tourette syndrome, and acute agitation."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/hydroxyzine",
      "title": "Hydroxyzine (Vistaril)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "hydroxyzine"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "hydroxyzine",
      "summary": "An antihistamine used for anxiety, often as needed, without the dependence risk of benzodiazepines."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/iloperidone",
      "title": "Iloperidone (Fanapt)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antipsychotic"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "iloperidone",
      "class": "antipsychotic",
      "summary": "An atypical antipsychotic for schizophrenia and bipolar I mania, notable for requiring a slow titration to prevent orthostatic hypotension."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/imipramine",
      "title": "Imipramine (Tofranil)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antidepressant"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "imipramine",
      "class": "antidepressant",
      "summary": "A first-generation tricyclic antidepressant, historically foundational and still used for depression and childhood enuresis, with a heavy anticholinergic and cardiac profile."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/isocarboxazid",
      "title": "Isocarboxazid (Marplan)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antidepressant"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "isocarboxazid",
      "class": "antidepressant",
      "summary": "An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor used for treatment-resistant depression, with the standard MAOI dietary and drug restrictions."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/lamotrigine",
      "title": "Lamotrigine (Lamictal)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "lamotrigine",
        "mood-stabilizer"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "lamotrigine",
      "class": "mood-stabilizer",
      "summary": "A mood stabilizer used mainly to prevent depressive episodes in bipolar disorder."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/lecanemab",
      "title": "Lecanemab (Leqembi)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "lecanemab",
      "summary": "An intravenous anti-amyloid antibody that modestly slows decline in early Alzheimer's disease."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/lemborexant",
      "title": "Lemborexant (Dayvigo)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "z-drug"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "lemborexant",
      "class": "z-drug",
      "summary": "A newer sleep medication that blocks the brain's wakefulness signal, approved for trouble falling and staying asleep."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/levomilnacipran",
      "title": "Levomilnacipran (Fetzima)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "snri"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "levomilnacipran",
      "class": "snri",
      "summary": "An SNRI antidepressant with a stronger norepinephrine profile than most SNRIs."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/lisdexamfetamine",
      "title": "Lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "lisdexamfetamine",
        "stimulant"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "lisdexamfetamine",
      "class": "stimulant",
      "summary": "A long-acting stimulant for ADHD, taken once daily, also approved for binge eating disorder."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/lithium",
      "title": "Lithium",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "lithium",
        "mood-stabilizer"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "lithium",
      "class": "mood-stabilizer",
      "summary": "A long-established mood stabilizer, still considered a benchmark treatment for bipolar disorder."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/lofexidine",
      "title": "Lofexidine (Lucemyra)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "lofexidine",
      "summary": "An α2-adrenergic agonist used to reduce opioid withdrawal symptoms."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/lorazepam",
      "title": "Lorazepam (Ativan)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "lorazepam",
        "benzodiazepine"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "lorazepam",
      "class": "benzodiazepine",
      "summary": "A benzodiazepine used for anxiety, intended mainly for short-term or occasional use."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/loxapine",
      "title": "Loxapine (Loxitane, Adasuve)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antipsychotic"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "loxapine",
      "class": "antipsychotic",
      "summary": "A first-generation antipsychotic with some atypical-like activity, available as oral capsules and as an inhaled formulation for acute agitation."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/lumateperone",
      "title": "Lumateperone (Caplyta)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antipsychotic"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "lumateperone",
      "class": "antipsychotic",
      "summary": "An atypical antipsychotic with a favorable metabolic profile, approved for schizophrenia and bipolar depression."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/lurasidone",
      "title": "Lurasidone (Latuda)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antipsychotic"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "lurasidone",
      "class": "antipsychotic",
      "summary": "An atypical antipsychotic used for schizophrenia and bipolar depression, with a favorable metabolic profile."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/maprotiline",
      "title": "Maprotiline (Ludiomil)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antidepressant"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "maprotiline",
      "class": "antidepressant",
      "summary": "A tetracyclic antidepressant with strong norepinephrine reuptake inhibition and the highest seizure risk of the class."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/memantine",
      "title": "Memantine (Namenda)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "memantine",
      "summary": "An NMDA receptor antagonist used for moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease, often combined with a cholinesterase inhibitor."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/methadone",
      "title": "Methadone (Dolophine, Methadose)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "methadone",
      "summary": "A long-acting full opioid agonist used for opioid use disorder and severe pain."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/methamphetamine",
      "title": "Methamphetamine (Desoxyn)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "stimulant"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "methamphetamine",
      "class": "stimulant",
      "summary": "A prescription amphetamine analog with a limited but real role in ADHD and obesity, distinct from the illicit street drug."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/methylphenidate",
      "title": "Methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "methylphenidate",
        "stimulant"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "methylphenidate",
      "class": "stimulant",
      "summary": "A stimulant medication for ADHD, one of the two main stimulant types."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/midazolam",
      "title": "Midazolam (Versed)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "benzodiazepine"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "midazolam",
      "class": "benzodiazepine",
      "summary": "A very short-acting benzodiazepine used in hospitals and by EMS for procedural sedation and status epilepticus, not for chronic outpatient use."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/milnacipran",
      "title": "Milnacipran (Savella)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "snri"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "milnacipran",
      "class": "snri",
      "summary": "An SNRI approved for fibromyalgia in the US, sometimes used off-label for depression."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/mirtazapine",
      "title": "Mirtazapine (Remeron)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "mirtazapine",
        "antidepressant"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "mirtazapine",
      "class": "antidepressant",
      "summary": "An atypical antidepressant often chosen when depression comes with poor sleep and loss of appetite."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/modafinil",
      "title": "Modafinil (Provigil)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "stimulant"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "modafinil",
      "class": "stimulant",
      "summary": "A wake-promoting medication used for narcolepsy, shift-work sleep disorder, and residual sleepiness in treated sleep apnea, chemically distinct from traditional stimulants."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/molindone",
      "title": "Molindone (Moban)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antipsychotic"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "molindone",
      "class": "antipsychotic",
      "summary": "A dihydroindolone first-generation antipsychotic notable for a weight-neutral to weight-losing profile."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/naloxone",
      "title": "Naloxone (Narcan)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "naloxone",
      "summary": "A short-acting opioid antagonist used to reverse opioid overdose."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/naltrexone-bupropion",
      "title": "Naltrexone-bupropion (Contrave)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "naltrexone-bupropion",
      "summary": "A combination of low-dose naltrexone and sustained-release bupropion used for chronic weight management."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/naltrexone-injectable",
      "title": "Naltrexone injectable (Vivitrol)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "naltrexone-injectable",
      "summary": "A monthly injection of naltrexone used for alcohol use disorder and opioid use disorder."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/naltrexone-oral",
      "title": "Naltrexone (Vivitrol, ReVia): oral",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "naltrexone-oral",
      "summary": "An opioid receptor blocker used for alcohol use disorder and opioid use disorder."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/nefazodone",
      "title": "Nefazodone (Serzone)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antidepressant"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "nefazodone",
      "class": "antidepressant",
      "summary": "A SARI antidepressant with a boxed warning for rare but potentially fatal liver failure, no longer first-line and rarely used today."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/nicotine-replacement-therapy",
      "title": "Nicotine replacement therapy (patch, gum, lozenge, inhaler, spray)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "nicotine-replacement-therapy",
      "summary": "Controlled nicotine delivery to reduce withdrawal and craving during smoking cessation."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/nortriptyline",
      "title": "Nortriptyline (Pamelor)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antidepressant"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "nortriptyline",
      "class": "antidepressant",
      "summary": "A secondary-amine tricyclic used for depression and chronic pain, with a serum level range that guides dosing and a lighter anticholinergic load than older tricyclics."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/olanzapine",
      "title": "Olanzapine (Zyprexa)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antipsychotic"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "olanzapine",
      "class": "antipsychotic",
      "summary": "An atypical antipsychotic used for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, effective but with notable metabolic side effects."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/oxazepam",
      "title": "Oxazepam (Serax)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "benzodiazepine"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "oxazepam",
      "class": "benzodiazepine",
      "summary": "A slower-onset benzodiazepine with a metabolism that makes it a safer choice in liver disease and older adults."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/oxcarbazepine",
      "title": "Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "mood-stabilizer"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "oxcarbazepine",
      "class": "mood-stabilizer",
      "summary": "An anticonvulsant sometimes used off-label as a mood stabilizer, related to carbamazepine."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/paliperidone",
      "title": "Paliperidone (Invega)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antipsychotic"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "paliperidone",
      "class": "antipsychotic",
      "summary": "The active metabolite of risperidone, available as an oral tablet and as long-acting injectables lasting up to 6 months."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/paroxetine",
      "title": "Paroxetine (Paxil)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "paroxetine",
        "ssri"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "paroxetine",
      "class": "ssri",
      "summary": "An SSRI antidepressant used for depression and a wide range of anxiety disorders."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/perphenazine",
      "title": "Perphenazine (Trilafon)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antipsychotic"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "perphenazine",
      "class": "antipsychotic",
      "summary": "A mid-potency first-generation antipsychotic used for schizophrenia, notable for its role in the CATIE trial as a comparator to atypicals."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/phenelzine",
      "title": "Phenelzine (Nardil)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antidepressant"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "phenelzine",
      "class": "antidepressant",
      "summary": "An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor used for treatment-resistant depression and atypical depression, with a strict tyramine-restricted diet and long list of drug interactions."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/pimavanserin",
      "title": "Pimavanserin (Nuplazid)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antipsychotic"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "pimavanserin",
      "class": "antipsychotic",
      "summary": "A selective 5-HT2A inverse agonist antipsychotic with no dopamine activity, approved for hallucinations and delusions in Parkinson's disease psychosis."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/pimozide",
      "title": "Pimozide (Orap)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antipsychotic"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "pimozide",
      "class": "antipsychotic",
      "summary": "A selective D2 antagonist first-generation antipsychotic used mainly for Tourette syndrome, with prominent QTc and drug interaction considerations."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/pitolisant",
      "title": "Pitolisant (Wakix)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "stimulant"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "pitolisant",
      "class": "stimulant",
      "summary": "A first-in-class histamine H3 inverse agonist for narcolepsy that is not a controlled substance."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/prazosin",
      "title": "Prazosin (Minipress)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "prazosin",
      "summary": "An alpha-1 blocker used off-label for PTSD-related nightmares and sleep disturbance."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/pregabalin",
      "title": "Pregabalin (Lyrica)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "pregabalin",
      "summary": "An anticonvulsant used for nerve pain, fibromyalgia, and, off-label in the US, anxiety."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/propranolol",
      "title": "Propranolol (Inderal)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "propranolol"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "propranolol",
      "summary": "A beta blocker used off-label for the physical symptoms of situational anxiety, such as performance anxiety."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/protriptyline",
      "title": "Protriptyline (Vivactil)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antidepressant"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "protriptyline",
      "class": "antidepressant",
      "summary": "An activating secondary-amine tricyclic antidepressant sometimes used for depression in patients who need a non-sedating tricyclic."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/quetiapine",
      "title": "Quetiapine (Seroquel)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "quetiapine",
        "antipsychotic"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "quetiapine",
      "class": "antipsychotic",
      "summary": "An atypical antipsychotic used for bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and as an add-on for depression."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/racemic-ketamine-iv",
      "title": "Racemic Ketamine IV (Off-Label for Depression)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "racemic-ketamine-iv",
      "summary": "Intravenous ketamine used off-label for treatment-resistant depression, delivered in clinic settings, distinct from FDA-approved esketamine nasal spray."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/ramelteon",
      "title": "Ramelteon (Rozerem)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "ramelteon",
        "z-drug"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "ramelteon",
      "class": "z-drug",
      "summary": "A non-habit-forming sleep medication that works on the body clock, used for trouble falling asleep."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/risperidone",
      "title": "Risperidone (Risperdal)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antipsychotic"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "risperidone",
      "class": "antipsychotic",
      "summary": "A widely used atypical antipsychotic for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, notable for prolactin elevation."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/rivastigmine",
      "title": "Rivastigmine (Exelon)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "rivastigmine",
      "summary": "A dual cholinesterase inhibitor available as an oral capsule and a skin patch, used for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease dementia."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/selegiline-transdermal",
      "title": "Selegiline Transdermal (Emsam)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antidepressant"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "selegiline-transdermal",
      "class": "antidepressant",
      "summary": "A transdermal MAOI patch that bypasses gut MAO-A at the lowest dose, allowing no dietary restriction at 6 mg/24h; higher patches require the standard MAOI diet."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/serdexmethylphenidate-dexmethylphenidate",
      "title": "Serdexmethylphenidate/Dexmethylphenidate (Azstarys)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "stimulant"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "serdexmethylphenidate-dexmethylphenidate",
      "class": "stimulant",
      "summary": "A combination stimulant capsule pairing an immediate-release dexmethylphenidate with a slow-release prodrug of the same molecule."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/sertraline",
      "title": "Sertraline (Zoloft)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "sertraline",
        "ssri"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "sertraline",
      "class": "ssri",
      "summary": "An SSRI antidepressant used for depression, anxiety, panic, OCD, PTSD, and PMDD."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/sodium-oxybate",
      "title": "Sodium Oxybate / Oxybate Salts (Xyrem, Xywav)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "sodium-oxybate",
      "summary": "A twice-nightly medication for narcolepsy with cataplexy and idiopathic hypersomnia, given under a REMS program because of its abuse and CNS depression risks."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/solriamfetol",
      "title": "Solriamfetol (Sunosi)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "stimulant"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "solriamfetol",
      "class": "stimulant",
      "summary": "A dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor for excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy and obstructive sleep apnea."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/suvorexant",
      "title": "Suvorexant (Belsomra)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "suvorexant",
        "z-drug"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "suvorexant",
      "class": "z-drug",
      "summary": "A newer sleep medication that blocks the brain's wakefulness signal, used for trouble falling and staying asleep."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/temazepam",
      "title": "Temazepam (Restoril)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "temazepam",
        "benzodiazepine"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "temazepam",
      "class": "benzodiazepine",
      "summary": "A benzodiazepine used for the short-term treatment of insomnia, with real dependence and withdrawal risks."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/tetrabenazine",
      "title": "Tetrabenazine (Xenazine)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "tetrabenazine",
      "summary": "The original VMAT2 inhibitor, approved for chorea in Huntington disease."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/thioridazine",
      "title": "Thioridazine (Mellaril)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antipsychotic"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "thioridazine",
      "class": "antipsychotic",
      "summary": "A low-potency first-generation antipsychotic reserved for refractory schizophrenia because of prominent QTc prolongation."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/thiothixene",
      "title": "Thiothixene (Navane)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antipsychotic"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "thiothixene",
      "class": "antipsychotic",
      "summary": "A high-potency thioxanthene first-generation antipsychotic used mainly for schizophrenia."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/topiramate",
      "title": "Topiramate (Topamax)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "mood-stabilizer"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "topiramate",
      "class": "mood-stabilizer",
      "summary": "An anticonvulsant used off-label for mood, migraine prevention, and alcohol use disorder."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/tranylcypromine",
      "title": "Tranylcypromine (Parnate)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antidepressant"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "tranylcypromine",
      "class": "antidepressant",
      "summary": "An irreversible non-selective MAOI with a mild amphetamine-like activating profile, used for treatment-resistant and atypical depression."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/trazodone",
      "title": "Trazodone (Desyrel)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "trazodone",
        "antidepressant"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "trazodone",
      "class": "antidepressant",
      "summary": "An older antidepressant now used most often, at low doses, as a sleep aid."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/triazolam",
      "title": "Triazolam (Halcion)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "benzodiazepine"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "triazolam",
      "class": "benzodiazepine",
      "summary": "A very short-acting benzodiazepine sleep medication with a high dependence potential and a well-documented anterograde amnesia problem."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/trifluoperazine",
      "title": "Trifluoperazine (Stelazine)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antipsychotic"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "trifluoperazine",
      "class": "antipsychotic",
      "summary": "A high-potency first-generation antipsychotic used for schizophrenia and short-term treatment of severe anxiety."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/trimipramine",
      "title": "Trimipramine (Surmontil)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antidepressant"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "trimipramine",
      "class": "antidepressant",
      "summary": "A sedating tertiary-amine tricyclic antidepressant, sometimes used when depression is coupled with severe insomnia."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/valbenazine",
      "title": "Valbenazine (Ingrezza)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "valbenazine",
      "summary": "A once-daily VMAT2 inhibitor for tardive dyskinesia and Huntington chorea."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/valproate",
      "title": "Valproate (Depakote)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "mood-stabilizer"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "valproate",
      "class": "mood-stabilizer",
      "summary": "A mood stabilizer used mainly for acute mania and maintenance in bipolar disorder."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/varenicline",
      "title": "Varenicline (Chantix)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "varenicline",
      "summary": "A nicotinic receptor partial agonist used for smoking cessation."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/venlafaxine",
      "title": "Venlafaxine (Effexor XR)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "venlafaxine",
        "snri"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "venlafaxine",
      "class": "snri",
      "summary": "An SNRI antidepressant used for depression and several anxiety disorders."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/vilazodone",
      "title": "Vilazodone (Viibryd)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antidepressant"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "vilazodone",
      "class": "antidepressant",
      "summary": "A serotonin reuptake inhibitor with 5-HT1A partial agonism (SPARI), taken with food, with lower rates of sexual side effects than most SSRIs."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/viloxazine",
      "title": "Viloxazine (Qelbree)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "viloxazine",
      "summary": "A once-daily non-stimulant ADHD medication that acts as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor with additional serotonin activity."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/vortioxetine",
      "title": "Vortioxetine (Trintellix)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "vortioxetine",
        "antidepressant"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "vortioxetine",
      "class": "antidepressant",
      "summary": "A newer antidepressant for depression, with a lower rate of sexual side effects than many SSRIs."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/xanomeline-trospium",
      "title": "Xanomeline-Trospium (Cobenfy)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antipsychotic"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "xanomeline-trospium",
      "class": "antipsychotic",
      "summary": "The first M1/M4 muscarinic agonist antipsychotic. FDA-approved 2024 for schizophrenia, with no dopamine blockade and a different side-effect profile from every other antipsychotic."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/zaleplon",
      "title": "Zaleplon (Sonata)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "zaleplon",
        "z-drug"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "zaleplon",
      "class": "z-drug",
      "summary": "The shortest-acting z-drug, used for trouble falling asleep with little next-day hangover."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/ziprasidone",
      "title": "Ziprasidone (Geodon)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antipsychotic"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "ziprasidone",
      "class": "antipsychotic",
      "summary": "An atypical antipsychotic notable for being metabolically neutral but requiring a meal for absorption."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/zolpidem",
      "title": "Zolpidem (Ambien)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [
        "zolpidem",
        "z-drug"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "zolpidem",
      "class": "z-drug",
      "summary": "The most widely prescribed z-drug, a fast-acting sleep medication used mainly for trouble falling asleep."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/medications/zuranolone",
      "title": "Zuranolone (Zurzuvae)",
      "kind": "medication",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-08",
      "reviewed": "2026-06-08",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "zuranolone",
      "summary": "An oral 14-day neurosteroid for postpartum depression, taken once nightly with a fat-containing meal, with sedation warnings and a contraception requirement."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/privacy-policy",
      "title": "Privacy policy",
      "kind": "policy",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-25"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/reference",
      "title": "Clinician reference",
      "kind": "reference",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-25"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/references",
      "title": "Clinical references",
      "kind": "reference",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-16",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-25"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/references/antipsychotic-metabolic-monitoring",
      "title": "Antipsychotic metabolic monitoring checklist",
      "kind": "reference",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antipsychotic"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-15",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-15",
      "medical": true
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/references/discontinuation-syndrome",
      "title": "Discontinuation syndrome recognition reference",
      "kind": "reference",
      "concept_ids": [
        "discontinuation-syndrome",
        "withdrawal",
        "taper"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-15",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-15",
      "medical": true
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/references/medication-half-life",
      "title": "Medication half-life reference",
      "kind": "reference",
      "concept_ids": [
        "half-life",
        "discontinuation-syndrome",
        "withdrawal",
        "taper"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-15",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-15",
      "medical": true
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/references/pregnancy-lactation-discussion",
      "title": "Pregnancy and lactation discussion checklist",
      "kind": "reference",
      "concept_ids": [
        "antidepressant",
        "ssri"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-15",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-15",
      "medical": true
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/references/ssri-comparison",
      "title": "SSRI comparison reference",
      "kind": "reference",
      "concept_ids": [
        "ssri",
        "sertraline",
        "fluoxetine",
        "escitalopram",
        "paroxetine",
        "citalopram",
        "fluvoxamine"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-15",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-15",
      "medical": true
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/reviewers",
      "title": "Medical review network",
      "kind": "meta",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-16",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-25"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/reviewers/panels/addiction-psychiatry",
      "title": "Addiction psychiatry panel",
      "kind": "meta",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-16",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-25"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/reviewers/panels/child-and-adolescent-psychiatry",
      "title": "Child and adolescent psychiatry panel",
      "kind": "meta",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-16",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-25"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/reviewers/panels/geriatric-psychiatry",
      "title": "Geriatric psychiatry panel",
      "kind": "meta",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-16",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-25"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/reviewers/panels/metabolic-monitoring",
      "title": "Metabolic monitoring panel",
      "kind": "meta",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-16",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-25"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/reviewers/panels/psychiatric-pharmacy",
      "title": "Psychiatric pharmacy panel",
      "kind": "meta",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-16",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-25"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/reviewers/panels/reproductive-psychiatry",
      "title": "Reproductive psychiatry panel",
      "kind": "meta",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-16",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-25"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/reviewers/safeguards",
      "title": "Editorial safeguards",
      "kind": "policy",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-16",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-25"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/side-effects",
      "title": "Side effects",
      "kind": "meta",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-25"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/side-effects/akathisia",
      "title": "Akathisia: the drug side effect that feels unbearable",
      "kind": "side-effect",
      "concept_ids": [
        "akathisia"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "akathisia",
      "summary": "Akathisia is a movement disorder caused by antipsychotics and some antidepressants that produces an inner sensation of restlessness so severe it's frequently misread as anxiety or agitation. Which drugs cause it, how to recognize it, and how it's managed."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/side-effects/anticholinergic-burden",
      "title": "Anticholinergic burden in psychiatric prescribing",
      "kind": "side-effect",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "anticholinergic-burden",
      "summary": "Anticholinergic burden accumulates across psychiatric drugs and causes cognitive slowing, delirium, falls, and dementia risk in older adults. Which psychiatric drugs contribute the most, how to score cumulative burden, and how to reduce it."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/side-effects/bruxism",
      "title": "SSRI-induced bruxism (teeth grinding)",
      "kind": "side-effect",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "bruxism",
      "summary": "SSRIs and SNRIs cause jaw clenching and teeth grinding in a substantial minority of patients. Presentation, mechanism, dental complications, and management with buspirone augmentation, dose reduction, or switch."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/side-effects/emotional-blunting",
      "title": "SSRI emotional blunting",
      "kind": "side-effect",
      "concept_ids": [
        "emotional-blunting"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "emotional-blunting",
      "summary": "Emotional blunting is a common but under-discussed SSRI side effect: reduced emotional range, feeling flat or muted, less capacity for both distress and joy. How common, which drugs, and what to do."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/side-effects/hair-loss",
      "title": "Hair loss from psychiatric medications",
      "kind": "side-effect",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "hair-loss",
      "summary": "Telogen effluvium (diffuse hair thinning) from psychiatric drugs is under-reported but real. Which drugs cause it most (valproate, lithium, some SSRIs), when it reverses, and management."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/side-effects/hyponatremia-siadh",
      "title": "Hyponatremia and SIADH from SSRIs",
      "kind": "side-effect",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "hyponatremia-siadh",
      "summary": "SSRIs cause syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) and hyponatremia, most commonly in older adults. Presentation, risk factors, which SSRIs are worst, management, and when to switch drugs."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/side-effects/neuroleptic-malignant-syndrome",
      "title": "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS): recognition and management",
      "kind": "side-effect",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "neuroleptic-malignant-syndrome",
      "summary": "NMS is a rare but life-threatening reaction to dopamine-blocking drugs (usually antipsychotics) with fever, rigidity, autonomic instability, and altered mental status. Recognition, differential from serotonin syndrome, and management."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/side-effects/priapism-trazodone",
      "title": "Priapism from trazodone (and other psychiatric drugs)",
      "kind": "side-effect",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "priapism-trazodone",
      "summary": "Trazodone causes rare but potentially serious priapism (persistent painful erection). Recognition, when it's an emergency, treatment, and which patients should avoid the drug. Also covers priapism from other psychiatric medications."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/side-effects/qtc-prolongation",
      "title": "QTc prolongation from psychiatric medications",
      "kind": "side-effect",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "qtc-prolongation",
      "summary": "QTc prolongation is a repolarization abnormality that can lead to torsades de pointes and sudden cardiac death. Which psychiatric drugs cause it, thresholds that matter, ECG monitoring recommendations, and how to manage combinations."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/side-effects/serotonin-syndrome",
      "title": "Serotonin syndrome: how to recognize it and what to do",
      "kind": "side-effect",
      "concept_ids": [
        "serotonin-syndrome"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "serotonin-syndrome",
      "summary": "Serotonin syndrome is a life-threatening reaction from too much serotonergic activity, usually from drug combinations. Hunter criteria, the classic triad (mental status changes, autonomic instability, neuromuscular findings), triggers, and management."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/side-effects/sexual-dysfunction",
      "title": "Antidepressant sexual dysfunction (and other psych meds that cause it)",
      "kind": "side-effect",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "sexual-dysfunction",
      "summary": "Sexual side effects are the most common reason people quit SSRIs and SNRIs. What causes it, which drugs are the worst offenders, how it's managed, whether it goes away, and the honest story on post-SSRI sexual dysfunction (PSSD)."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/side-effects/ssri-bleeding-risk",
      "title": "SSRI bleeding risk (platelet dysfunction)",
      "kind": "side-effect",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "ssri-bleeding-risk",
      "summary": "SSRIs impair platelet function by depleting platelet serotonin, roughly doubling GI bleeding risk and modestly raising intracranial hemorrhage risk. Which patients are highest-risk, perioperative considerations, and management."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/side-effects/tardive-dyskinesia",
      "title": "Tardive dyskinesia (TD): recognition, prevention, and VMAT2 treatment",
      "kind": "side-effect",
      "concept_ids": [
        "tardive-dyskinesia"
      ],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "tardive-dyskinesia",
      "summary": "Tardive dyskinesia is a movement disorder from prolonged dopamine-blocking exposure that can be irreversible. Recognition, which drugs cause it, prevention through drug choice, and treatment with valbenazine or deutetrabenazine (VMAT2 inhibitors)."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/side-effects/weight-gain",
      "title": "Antipsychotic and antidepressant weight gain",
      "kind": "side-effect",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "weight-gain",
      "summary": "Weight gain from psychiatric medications is the leading cause of cardiovascular death in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Which drugs cause it, how much, mechanism, and how to manage it (metformin, GLP-1 agonists, drug switches)."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/state-of-practice",
      "title": "State of practice",
      "kind": "meta",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-25"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/state-of-practice/aristada-initio-lai-initiation",
      "title": "Aristada Initio: rapid LAI initiation for aripiprazole",
      "kind": "state-of-practice",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "aristada-initio-lai-initiation",
      "summary": "Aristada Initio, approved 2018, enables same-day initiation of aripiprazole LAI treatment with a single-injection loading dose plus one oral aripiprazole dose. Replaces 14 to 21 days of oral overlap required by Abilify Maintena."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/state-of-practice/auvelity-dextromethorphan-bupropion",
      "title": "Auvelity (dextromethorphan-bupropion): state of practice",
      "kind": "state-of-practice",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "auvelity-dextromethorphan-bupropion",
      "summary": "The first oral NMDA-modulating antidepressant for MDD. GEMINI trial data, dosing, drug interactions via CYP2D6, and how Auvelity is settling into real-world use after three years on market."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/state-of-practice/caplyta-bipolar-depression",
      "title": "Caplyta (lumateperone) for bipolar depression: state of practice",
      "kind": "state-of-practice",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "caplyta-bipolar-depression",
      "summary": "Lumateperone received FDA approval for bipolar I and bipolar II depression in 2021 (monotherapy) with adjunctive approval in 2022. Novel mechanism (5-HT2A, D2, D1, serotonin transporter), minimal weight and metabolic effects, and how it fits in bipolar depression treatment."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/state-of-practice/cobenfy-xanomeline-trospium",
      "title": "Cobenfy (xanomeline-trospium): state of practice",
      "kind": "state-of-practice",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "cobenfy-xanomeline-trospium",
      "summary": "The first non-dopamine antipsychotic in seven decades. Trial data from EMERGENT, dosing and titration, GI tolerability, drug interactions, and where Cobenfy actually fits in schizophrenia care right now."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/state-of-practice/journavx-suzetrigine",
      "title": "Journavx (suzetrigine): state of practice",
      "kind": "state-of-practice",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "journavx-suzetrigine",
      "summary": "The first non-opioid acute pain drug in a new class in decades. A selective Nav1.8 sodium channel blocker. Why it matters for psychiatric patients on serotonergic medications, dosing, trial data, and how suzetrigine fits into pain management right now."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/state-of-practice/ketamine-esketamine-update",
      "title": "Ketamine and esketamine (Spravato) for depression: state of practice",
      "kind": "state-of-practice",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "ketamine-esketamine-update",
      "summary": "IV ketamine and intranasal esketamine (Spravato) for treatment-resistant depression have moved from experimental to established. Practice models, dosing, monitoring, and how these fit alongside Auvelity and traditional antidepressants."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/state-of-practice/lecanemab-donanemab-anti-amyloid",
      "title": "Lecanemab and donanemab: state of practice for anti-amyloid mAbs",
      "kind": "state-of-practice",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "lecanemab-donanemab-anti-amyloid",
      "summary": "The first two disease-modifying drugs for Alzheimer's disease. Patient selection, MRI monitoring for ARIA, infusion logistics, ApoE4 status, and where anti-amyloid antibodies actually fit in dementia care right now."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/state-of-practice/onyda-xr-newer-adhd-approvals",
      "title": "Onyda XR and newer non-stimulant ADHD approvals: state of practice",
      "kind": "state-of-practice",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "onyda-xr-newer-adhd-approvals",
      "summary": "Onyda XR (extended-release liquid clonidine), Qelbree (viloxazine), and the state of non-stimulant ADHD prescribing right now. Where these drugs actually fit, dosing, and how they compare to stimulants for kids and adults."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/state-of-practice/rexulti-alzheimers-agitation",
      "title": "Rexulti (brexpiprazole) for Alzheimer's agitation: state of practice",
      "kind": "state-of-practice",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "rexulti-alzheimers-agitation",
      "summary": "Brexpiprazole received FDA approval for Alzheimer's-related agitation in June 2023, the first drug with this specific indication. Trial data, dosing, boxed warning framing, and where it fits alongside non-drug interventions."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/state-of-practice/vmat2-inhibitors-td",
      "title": "VMAT2 inhibitors for tardive dyskinesia: Ingrezza and Austedo state of practice",
      "kind": "state-of-practice",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "vmat2-inhibitors-td",
      "summary": "Valbenazine (Ingrezza) and deutetrabenazine (Austedo) transformed TD treatment when FDA-approved in 2017. Dosing, tolerability, and how these fit alongside drug switching and clozapine for tardive dyskinesia management."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/state-of-practice/zurzuvae-zuranolone",
      "title": "Zurzuvae (zuranolone): state of practice",
      "kind": "state-of-practice",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-07-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-01",
      "medical": true,
      "id": "zurzuvae-zuranolone",
      "summary": "The first oral drug specifically approved for postpartum depression. A 14-day course of a GABA-A positive allosteric modulator. SKYLARK trial data, dosing, sedation, breastfeeding considerations, and how zuranolone is being used in real practice."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/terms-of-use",
      "title": "Terms of use",
      "kind": "policy",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public"
      ],
      "published": "2026-05-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-25"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://psychiatryrx.org/tools",
      "title": "Tools",
      "kind": "meta",
      "concept_ids": [],
      "audience": [
        "public",
        "clinicians"
      ],
      "published": "2026-06-01",
      "reviewed": "2026-07-25"
    }
  ]
}